India has officially overtaken China as the world's most populous country, with an estimated 1.43 billion people. While population growth is slowing in both countries, India's youthful population means it will continue growing for decades. This has experts warning that women from Indigenous groups, lower castes and other marginalized communities often face greater obstacles in making their own reproductive decisions. Sanghamitra Singh, lead for policy and programs at the Population Foundation of India, says "access to health services continues to be determined by factors such as where a woman lives, how educated she is, her wealth quintile, and the community she belongs to". While India's fertility rate has fallen as women gain greater access to education and contraception, population growth across India is uneven. This milestone raises important questions about the future of women's reproductive rights in India, particularly for vulnerable communities who may not have access to the resources needed to make informed choices about their bodies.